This work by Dr. Farid Hafez is a detailed survey and evaluation of the spread of anti-Muslim extremism in Europe, and provided an up-to-date assessment of the problem at the time of its preparation in 2017. Following an in-depth definition of the phenomenon, a discussion of its causes and ramifications, the study shows how anti-Muslim extremist movements are cooperating with each other on a global scale within Europe, as well as beyond. It looks at actors and discourses, and how the latter are made hegemonic and transferred from the margins and fringe extremist groups to the wider public sphere. It analyzes the various patterns by which anti-Muslim extremism organized within a small minority of far right groups gradually became almost a “normal” in most of Europe’s societies.
